Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization and Solubilization of Graphene

Abstract

While solubilization of graphene in nonpolar solvents can be accomplished through covalent functionalization, by involving the preparation of a long-chain alkylamide derivative, it is more easily accomplished by interaction with an organosilane or an organotin reagent such as hexadecyltrimethoxysilane and dibutyldimethoxytin. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene through π-π interaction by using 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester gives stable dispersions in dimethylformamide. Interaction of graphene with surfactants produces stable aqueous dispersions, Igepal being effective even at low concentrations.