Abstract:
When one or more of the dimensions of solid are reduced sufficiently in size, its property departs significantly from that of the bulk state. With this type of reduction in
size, many exotic phenomena emerge. The resulting structure is a low-dimensional
system. The typical dimensions are usually in the range of few nanometers. One of
the most direct effects of reducing the size of materials to the nanometer range is
the appearance of quantization effects due to the confinement of the movement of
electrons. The study of low-dimensional quantum phenomenon has led to entirely
new fields of research. Low-dimensional systems have shed new light on the difficult
questions of how disorder and electron-electron interaction affect quantum system.
When the size of the system achieves the electron wave length, the role of Quantum Mechanics is crucial. Thus low-dimensional systems exhibit quantum effects
such as Aharonov-Bohm effect, persistent currents, phase-coherent transport and
Luttinger liquid. The theory of nanostructures is an intellectually very rewarding
topic.
