Abstract:
Low-dimensional materials have attracted a huge attention of chemists and physicists in
recent years.[1, 2] The appearance of anomalous novel properties in these materials has
made them very interesting to investigate. The main reason behind these properties is
quantum confinement effects in the low dimension.[3-9] Actually, the motions of
microscopic degrees of freedom such as electrons, phonons get constrained due to the
reduced length scale for these materials. In such condition, electronic correlations and
restricted boundary conditions introduce various exotic properties in these materials.[10-14]
To explain these special features of low dimensional systeM.S., one needs some approaches
of physics which is different from the three dimensional one. In general, low dimensional
systeM.S. are treated in fully quantum mechanical way to explain various effects such as
Aharonov-Bohm effect[15], persistent currents[16], phase-coherent transport[17] etc. Very
recently, metal-insulator transitions,[18] high temperature superconductivity[19, 20] and
Kondo effect[21-24] in low dimensions also have created a huge curiosity among the
scientists.
