Abstract:
Thermodynamics and equilibrium statistical mechanics have been used
widely in various situations for the understanding of systems in equilibrium
[1]. But, most of the natural systems are inherently not in equilibrium.
Examples include systems from microscopic scale to the scale of the universe.
Granular flows, turbulent motion in fluids, motion of active microswimmers
as well as formation and breakdown of cosmic particles are all examples of
out-of-equilibrium systems. In our daily life also, most of the systems we
deal with are out of equilibrium. Though lots of studies have been done to
understand various nonequilibrium systems, a compact and general theory is
missing due to ample diversity in the exhibited phenomena [2]. In this thesis,
we will primarily deal with granular and active matter systems, examples of
typical nonequilibrium systems, detailed introduction about which will be
given in following sections.
